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Top 5 Best Natural Sleep Aids of 2025: What to Know Before You Buy

Top 5 Best Natural Sleep Aids of 2025: What to Know Before You Buy

Top 5 Best Natural Sleep Aids of 2025: What to Know Before You Buy

Sleep-aiding supplements are trending on social media, but which brands are the best?

Sleep-aiding supplements are trending on social media, but which brands are the best?

Sleep-aiding supplements are trending on social media, but which brands are the best?

IMPORTANT:  If you’re looking to improve sleep quality, energy, and focus, you’re in the right place. I’ve uncovered the top 5 supplements people are switching to sleep better — and the common traps that leave most formulas underperforming.

IMPORTANT:  If you’re looking to improve sleep quality, energy, and focus, you’re in the right place. I’ve uncovered the top 5 supplements people are switching to sleep better — and the common traps that leave most formulas underperforming.

IMPORTANT:  If you’re looking to improve sleep quality, energy, and focus, you’re in the right place. I’ve uncovered the top 5 supplements people are switching to sleep better — and the common traps that leave most formulas underperforming.

The Decline of Quality Sleep: A Modern Epidemic

The Decline of Quality Sleep: A Modern Epidemic

The Decline of Quality Sleep: A Modern Epidemic

Sleep quality has plummeted in today’s world. Stress, late-night screen time, processed diets, and constant pressure are disrupting the body’s natural rhythms.


The impact? Poor sleep leaves you drained, foggy, and unprepared—making it harder to stay sharp, recover fully, and perform at your best.

Sleep Supports Every Aspect of Your Life

Sleep Supports Every Aspect of Your Life

Sleep Supports Every Aspect of Your Life

Energy & Focus: Restores mental clarity, concentration, and sharp decision-making. [³]

Metabolic Health: Supports healthy weight, balanced appetite, and steady energy. [²][⁴]

Brain & Memory: Strengthens learning, recall, and next-day productivity. [¹]

Muscles & Recovery: Promotes muscle repair, reduces inflammation, and restores strength. [²][⁵]

Mood & Resilience: Calms stress, stabilizes mood, and builds mental stamina. [⁶]

Immune & Longevity: Reinforces immune defense and supports long-term health. [⁷][⁴]

Look For Natural, Melatonin-free Sleep Aids

Look For Natural, Melatonin-free Sleep Aids

Look For Natural, Melatonin-free Sleep Aids

Natural, melatonin-free sleep support is the smarter way to improve rest. Here’s why:


Many people reach for high-dose melatonin or prescription sedatives, but these can disrupt your body’s natural sleep–wake rhythm and lead to next-day grogginess, vivid dreams, or tolerance over time.


They’re a short-term patch: stop using them, and the restless nights often return.

Sleep Quality Gets Worse With Age

Sleep Quality Gets Worse With Age

Sleep Quality Gets Worse With Age

As we get older, the body’s natural sleep architecture changes. Add late-night screens, stress, and irregular schedules, and even disciplined people see lighter sleep, more wake-ups, and less morning clarity. [⁸]


The result?


Millions struggle with the hidden fallout of subpar sleep—sluggish mornings, brain fog, irritability, cravings, slower recovery, and that “always behind” feeling.

The Good News:

The Good News:

The Good News:

Fortunately, there’s a safe way to fight back. Natural, melatonin-free sleep aids support the body’s own rhythms without the side effects of synthetic hormones or heavy sedatives.


By combining research-backed minerals, amino acids, and calming botanicals, these supplements can promote deeper, more restorative sleep, reduce stress, and improve next-day focus and energy. It’s a simple, natural approach to staying sharp, balanced, and resilient at any age.

✅ A High-Quality Sleep Aid May Help

✅ A High-Quality Sleep Aid May Help

✅ A High-Quality Sleep Aid May Help

• Improve sleep depth, duration, and overall quality. [¹]

• Support next-day energy, focus, and mental clarity. [³]

• Promote faster recovery and reduced muscle soreness. [⁵][⁶]

• Enhance mood stability, calmness, and stress resilience. [²]

• Support healthy metabolism, appetite, and weight balance. [⁴]

• Maintain vitality, resilience, and performance as you age. [¹][⁸]

Why Natural Sleep Support Works So Well

Why Natural Sleep Support Works So Well

Why Natural Sleep Support Works So Well

Research shows that quality sleep is a key driver of recovery, performance, and overall health — helping the body repair, restore energy, and bounce back stronger after daily stress and activity.


It also plays a vital role in mental sharpness and mood, supporting focus, motivation, and emotional balance needed to perform at your best. [¹]

Research shows that quality sleep is a key driver of recovery, performance, and overall health — helping the body repair, restore energy, and bounce back stronger after daily stress and activity.


It also plays a vital role in mental sharpness and mood, supporting focus, motivation, and emotional balance needed to perform at your best. [¹]

⚠️ Poor Sleep Quality May Lead To

⚠️ Poor Sleep Quality May Lead To

⚠️ Poor Sleep Quality May Lead To

• Slower recovery and reduced physical performance. [³][⁶]

• Increased cravings and weight gain. [²]

• Lower daily energy and persistent fatigue. [⁴][⁷]

• Reduced focus, motivation, and productivity. [¹][⁵]

• Heightened stress, irritability, or mood swings. [⁷]

• Weakened immune defenses. [²][⁶]

• Declining long-term vitality and resilience. [¹]

Who’s Most at Risk for Poor Sleep?

Who’s Most at Risk for Poor Sleep?

Who’s Most at Risk for Poor Sleep?

• Adults over 40 (sleep quality naturally declines with age)

• Those under chronic stress or high pressure

• People with excess body weight or metabolic concerns

• Anyone with irregular schedules, late-night screen use, or low daily activity

What Are the Key Natural Ingredients That Support Better Sleep?

What Are the Key Natural Ingredients That Support Better Sleep?

What Are the Key Natural Ingredients That Support Better Sleep?

When I started researching sleep supplements, I found plenty of hype. But after digging into the science, a few ingredients consistently stood out. If you’re looking for a natural sleep aid, these are the ones you’ll want to see on the label.

Magnesium Glycinate — A highly absorbable form of magnesium that calms the nervous system.
✔️ Relaxes muscles and eases tension
✔️ Supports deep, restorative sleep cycles
✔️ Helps reduce nighttime restlessness
✔️ Promotes recovery after physical or mental stress

L-Theanine — An amino acid from green tea that smooths brain activity.
✔️ Promotes calm without sedation
✔️ Enhances relaxation before bedtime
✔️ Supports sharper focus the next morning
✔️ Helps reduce the effects of stress and worry

Glycine — A simple amino acid with big effects on sleep and recovery.
✔️ Improves sleep quality and efficiency
✔️ Helps regulate body temperature for deeper rest
✔️ Supports memory, learning, and cognitive function
✔️ Promotes smoother recovery from daily stressors

Apigenin — A natural flavonoid found in chamomile.
✔️ Encourages relaxation through GABA pathways
✔️ Promotes deeper, more restorative sleep
✔️ Supports calm and reduces stress signals
✔️ Linked to better mood and healthy aging

🔥 Hot Tip

🔥 Hot Tip

🔥 Hot Tip

Look for a natural sleep aid that includes Rhodiola Rosea — this powerful adaptogen is best known for fighting fatigue and improving stamina, but research also shows it helps the body adapt to stress. That means fewer restless nights, more balanced energy, and a calmer mind when it’s time to wind down.


Unlike quick-fix sedatives, rhodiola works with your body’s stress response, helping you wake up clear, focused, and ready to take on the day.

What You Need to Watch Out For

What You Need to Watch Out For

What You Need to Watch Out For

Not all sleep supplements are created equal. After digging through labels and research, here are the biggest red flags to avoid:

🚫 Proprietary Blends: If a label hides behind a “blend” instead of showing exact dosages, it’s often underdosed and unlikely to work.

🚫 Weak Dosages: Some products include the right ingredients, but in amounts too small to actually improve sleep quality.

🚫 Proprietary Blends: If a label hides behind a “blend” instead of showing exact dosages, it’s often underdosed and unlikely to work.

🚫 Weak Dosages: Some products include the right ingredients, but in amounts too small to actually improve sleep quality.

🚫 Proprietary Blends: If a label hides behind a “blend” instead of showing exact dosages, it’s often underdosed and unlikely to work.

🚫 Weak Dosages: Some products include the right ingredients, but in amounts too small to actually improve sleep quality.

👉 Pro tip: Choose supplements with transparent labels, research-backed dosages, and third-party testing so you know you’re getting real support.

🚫 Fake Reviews: Too many “perfect” reviews can be a cover for weak formulas that don’t actually help you fall asleep or wake up refreshed.

🚫 Cheap Fillers: Lower-quality products are often padded with unnecessary ingredients that do nothing for sleep — and may even cause side effects like grogginess or digestive discomfort.

🚫 Fake Reviews: Too many “perfect” reviews can be a cover for weak formulas that don’t actually help you fall asleep or wake up refreshed.

🚫 Cheap Fillers: Lower-quality products are often padded with unnecessary ingredients that do nothing for sleep — and may even cause side effects like grogginess or digestive discomfort.

🚫 Fake Reviews: Too many “perfect” reviews can be a cover for weak formulas that don’t actually help you fall asleep or wake up refreshed.

🚫 Cheap Fillers: Lower-quality products are often padded with unnecessary ingredients that do nothing for sleep — and may even cause side effects like grogginess or digestive discomfort.

🥇 The Night Before

🥇 The Night Before

🥇 The Night Before

by Formulation Factory

by Formulation Factory

by Formulation Factory

Rating

Rating

Rating

A+

A+

A+

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

Pros

Pros

Melatonin-free formula (no groggy mornings)

Melatonin-free formula (no groggy mornings)

Melatonin-free formula (no groggy mornings)

10-in-1 blend of minerals, amino acids, botanicals

10-in-1 blend of minerals, amino acids, botanicals

10-in-1 blend of minerals, amino acids, botanicals

100% Transparent Label

100% Transparent Label

100% Transparent Label

Promotes deeper, restorative sleep

Promotes deeper, restorative sleep

Promotes deeper, restorative sleep

Supports stress relief and relaxation

Supports stress relief and relaxation

Supports stress relief and relaxation

Enhances morning focus and energy

Enhances morning focus and energy

Enhances morning focus and energy

Aids muscle recovery; helps reduce inflammation

Aids muscle recovery; helps reduce inflammation

Aids muscle recovery; helps reduce inflammation

Non-habit forming and stimulant-free

Non-habit forming and stimulant-free

Non-habit forming and stimulant-free

Research-driven ingredient selection

Research-driven ingredient selection

Research-driven ingredient selection

90-day money-back guarantee

90-day money-back guarantee

90-day money-back guarantee

Cons

Cons

Only available online

Only available online

Only available online

Sometimes out of stock due to high demand

Sometimes out of stock due to high demand

Sometimes out of stock due to high demand

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A performance-first sleep aid that avoids melatonin and leans on magnesium glycinate, L-theanine, glycine, apigenin, and select adaptogens to calm the nervous system and deepen sleep architecture. The result is smoother wind-down, fewer interruptions, and a clearer, more energetic morning—without the melatonin hangover.

by ‘Sports Research’

by ‘Sports Research’

by ‘Sports Research’

Rating

Rating

Rating

A

A

A

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

Pros

Pros

Melatonin-free

Melatonin-free

Melatonin-free

Includes GABA and 5-HTP for relaxation

Includes GABA and 5-HTP for relaxation

Includes GABA and 5-HTP for relaxation

Vegan, non-GMO, third-party tested

Vegan, non-GMO, third-party tested

Vegan, non-GMO, third-party tested

Gentle, steady effect; minimal next-day fog

Gentle, steady effect; minimal next-day fog

Gentle, steady effect; minimal next-day fog

Transparent labeling; quality sourcing

Transparent labeling; quality sourcing

Transparent labeling; quality sourcing

Good value per serving

Good value per serving

Good value per serving

Strong brand reputation

Strong brand reputation

Strong brand reputation

Cons

Cons

May be too mild for severe insomnia

May be too mild for severe insomnia

May be too mild for severe insomnia

Occasional digestive upset for sensitive users

Occasional digestive upset for sensitive users

Occasional digestive upset for sensitive users

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A clean, hormone-free stack designed to relax mind and muscles and support sleep depth without sedation. Ideal if you want better nights and crisp mornings, and prefer transparent, research-backed dosing over heavy melatonin.

A clean, hormone-free stack designed to relax mind and muscles and support sleep depth without sedation. Ideal if you want better nights and crisp mornings, and prefer transparent, research-backed dosing over heavy melatonin.

A clean, hormone-free stack designed to relax mind and muscles and support sleep depth without sedation. Ideal if you want better nights and crisp mornings, and prefer transparent, research-backed dosing over heavy melatonin.

by ‘Relaxium’

by ‘Relaxium’

by ‘Relaxium’

Rating

Rating

Rating

B+

B+

B+

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

Pros

Pros

Comprehensive blend

Comprehensive blend

Comprehensive blend

Includes magnesium, L-tryptophan, GABA, ashwagandha

Includes magnesium, L-tryptophan, GABA, ashwagandha

Includes magnesium, L-tryptophan, GABA, ashwagandha

Valerian/hops for traditional sleep support

Valerian/hops for traditional sleep support

Valerian/hops for traditional sleep support

Widely available

Widely available

Widely available

Cons

Cons

Mixed results; not effective for everyone

Mixed results; not effective for everyone

Mixed results; not effective for everyone

Has melatonin

Has melatonin

Has melatonin

Possible next-day grogginess or vivid dreams

Possible next-day grogginess or vivid dreams

Possible next-day grogginess or vivid dreams

Proprietary elements limit full dose transparency

Proprietary elements limit full dose transparency

Proprietary elements limit full dose transparency

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A “triple-action” formula pairing melatonin with calming botanicals and amino acids to speed sleep onset and support continuity. Many users report faster drift-off, though sensitivity to melatonin/valerian can bring morning fog for some. The clinical branding will appeal to shoppers who prefer a familiar, melatonin-forward option.

A “triple-action” formula pairing melatonin with calming botanicals and amino acids to speed sleep onset and support continuity. Many users report faster drift-off, though sensitivity to melatonin/valerian can bring morning fog for some. The clinical branding will appeal to shoppers who prefer a familiar, melatonin-forward option.

A “triple-action” formula pairing melatonin with calming botanicals and amino acids to speed sleep onset and support continuity. Many users report faster drift-off, though sensitivity to melatonin/valerian can bring morning fog for some. The clinical branding will appeal to shoppers who prefer a familiar, melatonin-forward option.

4. LUNA Sleep Aid

4. LUNA Sleep Aid

4. LUNA Sleep Aid

by ‘Nested Naturals’

by ‘Nested Naturals’

by ‘Nested Naturals’

Rating

Rating

Rating

B

B

B

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

Pros

Pros

Gentle herbal blend (valerian, chamomile, lemon balm)

Gentle herbal blend (valerian, chamomile, lemon balm)

Gentle herbal blend (valerian, chamomile, lemon balm)

Available in melatonin and melatonin-free versions

Available in melatonin and melatonin-free versions

Available in melatonin and melatonin-free versions

Budget-friendly; non-habit forming

Budget-friendly; non-habit forming

Budget-friendly; non-habit forming

Trusted, long-standing brand

Trusted, long-standing brand

Trusted, long-standing brand

Cons

Cons

Herbal odor/taste bothers some

Herbal odor/taste bothers some

Herbal odor/taste bothers some

May cause grogginess or vivid dreams (sensitivity)

May cause grogginess or vivid dreams (sensitivity)

May cause grogginess or vivid dreams (sensitivity)

Not effective for everyone

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

LUNA focuses on a soothing, plant-based wind-down with a consumer-friendly price. Great for mild, stress-related sleeplessness; heavier cases may require adjusting dose or choosing the melatonin-free version to avoid next-day effects.

LUNA focuses on a soothing, plant-based wind-down with a consumer-friendly price. Great for mild, stress-related sleeplessness; heavier cases may require adjusting dose or choosing the melatonin-free version to avoid next-day effects.

LUNA focuses on a soothing, plant-based wind-down with a consumer-friendly price. Great for mild, stress-related sleeplessness; heavier cases may require adjusting dose or choosing the melatonin-free version to avoid next-day effects.

5. Sleep Gummies (Blackberry Zen)

5. Sleep Gummies (Blackberry Zen)

5. Sleep Gummies (Blackberry Zen)

by ‘OLLY’

by ‘OLLY’

by ‘OLLY’

Rating

Rating

Rating

B-

B-

B-

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

Pros

Pros

Tasty, easy gummy format

Tasty, easy gummy format

Tasty, easy gummy format

L-theanine + botanicals

L-theanine + botanicals

L-theanine + botanicals

Convenient

Convenient

Convenient

Cons

Cons

Added sugar; gummies can melt/clump in heat

Added sugar; gummies can melt/clump in heat

Added sugar; gummies can melt/clump in heat

Has melatonin

Has melatonin

Has melatonin

Some user report mild effects

Possible morning grogginess for sensitive users

Possible morning grogginess for sensitive users

Possible morning grogginess for sensitive users

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A friendly, entry-level gummy for occasional sleeplessness, jet lag, or schedule resets. Flavor and convenience are the draw; performance-minded users may want a more comprehensive, lower-grogginess capsule option.

A friendly, entry-level gummy for occasional sleeplessness, jet lag, or schedule resets. Flavor and convenience are the draw; performance-minded users may want a more comprehensive, lower-grogginess capsule option.

A friendly, entry-level gummy for occasional sleeplessness, jet lag, or schedule resets. Flavor and convenience are the draw; performance-minded users may want a more comprehensive, lower-grogginess capsule option.

2025’s Top-Rated Sleep Aid For Better Sleep

2025’s Top-Rated Sleep Aid For Better Sleep

2025’s Top-Rated Sleep Aid For Better Sleep

The Night Before

The Night Before

The Night Before

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐Rated 4.96 by 409+ Verified Reviews

by Formulation Factory

Melatonin-free formula

Melatonin-free formula

Melatonin-free formula

10-in-1 blend of minerals, amino acids, and botanicals

10-in-1 blend of minerals, amino acids, and botanicals

10-in-1 blend of minerals, amino acids, and botanicals

Promotes deeper, restorative sleep

Promotes deeper, restorative sleep

Promotes deeper, restorative sleep

Supports stress relief and relaxation

Supports stress relief and relaxation

Supports stress relief and relaxation

Enhances morning focus and energy

Enhances morning focus and energy

Enhances morning focus and energy

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

SHOP NOW

DISCLAIMER:  The scientific research provided is for informational purposes only. Individual results may vary. This page shares this information as a resource and does not endorse it. This content should not be considered a recommendation or endorsement of any specific products.

DISCLAIMER:  The scientific research provided is for informational purposes only. Individual results may vary. This page shares this information as a resource and does not endorse it. This content should not be considered a recommendation or endorsement of any specific products.

DISCLAIMER:  The scientific research provided is for informational purposes only. Individual results may vary. This page shares this information as a resource and does not endorse it. This content should not be considered a recommendation or endorsement of any specific products.

Scientific Research

  1. Engle-Friedman, M. (2014). The effects of sleep loss on capacity and effort. Sleep Science, 7(4), 213–224.


  2. Worley, S. (2018). The extraordinary importance of sleep: The detrimental effects of inadequate sleep on health and public safety drive an explosion of sleep research. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 43(12), 758–763.

  3. Baranwal, N., Yu, P. K., & Siegel, N. S. (2023). Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 77, 59–69.

  4. Lee, S., Kim, J. H., & Chung, J. H. (2021). The association between sleep quality and quality of life: A population-based study. Sleep Medicine, 84, 121–126.

  5. Schulz, H. (2022). The history of sleep research and sleep medicine in Europe. Journal of Sleep Research, 31(4), e13602.

  6. Nelson, K. L., Davis, J. E., & Corbett, C. F. (2022). Sleep quality: An evolutionary concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 57(1), 144–151.

  7. Giri, P. A., Baviskar, M. P., & Phalke, D. B. (2013). Study of sleep habits and sleep problems among medical students of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Loni, Western Maharashtra, India. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 3(1), 51–54. 


  8. Li, J., Vitiello, M. V., & Gooneratne, N. (2017). Sleep in normal aging. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 13(1), 1–11.


  9. Kramer, D. J., & Johnson, A. A. (2024). Apigenin: A natural molecule at the intersection of sleep and aging. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1359176. (improve sleep quality, reduce stress, and support longevity.)

Scientific Research

  1. Engle-Friedman, M. (2014). The effects of sleep loss on capacity and effort. Sleep Science, 7(4), 213–224.


  2. Worley, S. (2018). The extraordinary importance of sleep: The detrimental effects of inadequate sleep on health and public safety drive an explosion of sleep research. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 43(12), 758–763.

  3. Baranwal, N., Yu, P. K., & Siegel, N. S. (2023). Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 77, 59–69.

  4. Lee, S., Kim, J. H., & Chung, J. H. (2021). The association between sleep quality and quality of life: A population-based study. Sleep Medicine, 84, 121–126.

  5. Schulz, H. (2022). The history of sleep research and sleep medicine in Europe. Journal of Sleep Research, 31(4), e13602.

  6. Nelson, K. L., Davis, J. E., & Corbett, C. F. (2022). Sleep quality: An evolutionary concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 57(1), 144–151.

  7. Giri, P. A., Baviskar, M. P., & Phalke, D. B. (2013). Study of sleep habits and sleep problems among medical students of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Loni, Western Maharashtra, India. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 3(1), 51–54. 


  8. Li, J., Vitiello, M. V., & Gooneratne, N. (2017). Sleep in normal aging. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 13(1), 1–11.


  9. Kramer, D. J., & Johnson, A. A. (2024). Apigenin: A natural molecule at the intersection of sleep and aging. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1359176. (improve sleep quality, reduce stress, and support longevity.)

Scientific Research

  1. Montori, V. M., et al. Adverse Effects of Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(6), 2560–2575 (2010). This meta-analysis found that testosterone treatment in men was associated with significant increases in hemoglobin (+0.80 g/dL) and hematocrit (+3.18%), as well as a decrease in HDL (“good”) cholesterol.


  2. Management of Adverse Effects in Testosterone Replacement Therapy. Brazilian Journal of Urology (SciELO), 51(3), May–June 2025. This narrative review outlines various adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy — including gynecomastia, cardiovascular and hematologic risks, prostate health concerns, and potential liver dysfunction.


  3. The Mayo Clinic. Testosterone Therapy: Potential benefits and risks as you age. (2023). This overview highlights several risks of testosterone therapy, such as the potential to exacerbate sleep apnea, cause acne or other skin issues, and uncertain improvements in vitality or energy.


  4. Zhao, W., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, R., & Liu, X. (2025). Association of serum testosterone levels with appendicular lean mass in men: Evidence from NHANES 2011–2016. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, 1512268.

  5. Strasser, B., Arvandi, M., & Siebert, U. (2024). Effects of testosterone and exercise on muscle performance in older men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine – Open, 10, 703.

  6. Pokrywka, A., Obmiński, Z., & Malczewska-Lenczowska, J. (2023). Tribulus terrestris supplementation improves body composition and hormone response in men during training: A six-week randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Impotence Research, 35, 763–770.

  7. Zirkin, B. R., & Tenover, J. L. (2012). Aging and declining testosterone: Past, present, and hopes for the future. Journal of Andrology, 33(6), 1111–1118.

  8. Golan, R., Scovell, J. M., & Ramasamy, R. (2015). Age-related testosterone decline is due to waning of both testicular and hypothalamic-pituitary function. The Aging Male, 18(3), 201–205.

  9. Nardozza Júnior, A., Szelbracikowski, S. S., Nardi, A. C., & de Almeida, J. C. (2011, October). Age-related testosterone decline in a Brazilian cohort of healthy military men. International Braz J Urol, 37(5), 591–597.

  10. Rojas-Zambrano, J. G., Rojas-Zambrano, A., & Rojas-Zambrano, A. F. (2025). Impact of testosterone on male health: A systematic review. Cureus, 17(4), e82917.

  11. Hildreth, K. L., Barry, D. W., Moreau, K. L., Vande Griend, J., Meacham, R. B., Nakamura, T., Wolfe, P., Kohrt, W. M., Ruscin, J. M., Kittelson, J., Cress, M. E., Ballard, R., & Schwartz, R. S. (2013). Effects of testosterone and progressive resistance exercise in healthy, highly functioning older men with low-normal testosterone levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(5), 1891–1900.

  12. Naghii, M. R., Mofid, M., Asgari, A. R., Hedayati, M., & Daneshpour, M.-S. (2011). Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 25(1), 54–58.


  13. Lokeshwar, S. D., Patel, P., Fantus, R. J., Halpern, J., Chang, C., Kargi, A. Y., & Ramasamy, R. (2020). Decline in serum testosterone levels among adolescent and young adult men in the USA. European Urology Focus, 6(3), 432–440.